Insect and spider bites may seem like minor nuisances, but they can lead to serious health concerns if not recognized and treated properly. From itchy welts and allergic reactions to infections or even venomous bites, workers and outdoor enthusiasts alike face potential risks when spending time in fields, forests, or construction sites.
Symptoms
Venom from stings or bites often causes minor swelling, redness, pain, and itching. Reactions can vary from mild to severe. In rare cases, a bite or sting can be lethal for people who are highly allergic to venom. There are a few symptoms that require immediate medical attention, including:
- Coughing
- Trouble breathing
- Chest pain
- Severe sweating
- Confusion
- Nausea and vomiting
- And, hives
Surroundings
When assisting someone who has been bitten or stung, it is essential to be aware of your surroundings. For example:
- Stinging bees release a chemical that attracts more bees
- Swarming fire ants become agitated and more aggressive
- Accidently disturbing colonies of scorpions or spiders can cause them to scatter
- And, if a spider or scorpion bite is suspected, an effective medical response can be expedited if a specimen can be collected or visually identified
Administering an EpiPen®
If the victim carries an EpiPen® to treat an allergic reaction, it may be necessary to inject the medication after a sting or bite. There are a few steps to understand when administering an EpiPen®, including:
- Place the orange tip against the middle of the outer thigh at a right angle to the thigh
- Swing and push the auto-injector firmly until it clicks. The click signals that the injection has started
- Hold firmly in place for 3 seconds
- Remove the auto-injector from the thigh. The orange tip will extend to cover the needle. If the needle is still visible, do not attempt to reuse it
- And, massage the injection area for 10 seconds
Bees, Wasps, and Hornets
When working in areas around bees, wasps, or hornets, workers must understand the specific risks each insect poses. Bees die after a single sting but release a chemical that can attract more bees to the area. In the wasp family, which includes yellow jackets, only females have stingers, and they are capable of stinging multiple times. Hornets are also able to sting repeatedly and are known for being extremely aggressive. If stung, the stinger should be removed promptly using a fingernail or the edge of a credit card rather than tweezers, which can squeeze more venom into the skin.
Fire Ants
Fire ants can deliver a one-two punch by both biting and stinging, with their venom causing a painful burning sensation. Red bumps often appear and may develop into pustules within two days. To reduce the risk of complications, workers should quickly sweep ants off the skin to prevent them from attaching with their jaws and be sure to check under clothing.
Over-the-counter antihistamines may help relieve pain and swelling, but individuals should consult their physician before use. It is also important to keep bite sites clean, as pustules may indicate infection that requires medical evaluation and treatment.
Scorpions
Scorpions can be found under piles of materials on the jobsite, in the office, and even in shoes or clothing. Their sting can cause an intense, localized aching pain and burning sensations, and a variety of other symptoms that typically subside within 48 hours. After a scorpion sting occurs:
- Stay relaxed and calm
- Seek immediate medical care; be prepared to identify the scorpion’s appearance
- Apply ice to the sting site; do not submerge into cold water
- And, use simple analgesics to relieve pain; a medical consultation is recommended
Note: Absorption of significant amounts of toxins results in vomiting and profuse sweating. Untreated patients may experience an acute hypertensive crisis or potentially death.
Spiders
Spider bites typically occur when a spider is trapped against the skin or accidentally touched. If the spider can be identified, a medical professional may administer antivenom or provide other specific treatment. In cases where the spider is not identified, bites are often recognized by symptoms such as a round red welt, swelling, or skin damage.
Most spider bites can be managed with basic self-care, including cleaning the area with soap and water (without attempting to remove venom), applying an ice pack, and elevating the affected limb to reduce inflammation and swelling. If medication is needed for pain or swelling, it is important to consult a physician before use.
Mosquito Bites
Mosquito bites can spread viruses that may cause illness and, in rare cases, even death. While many mosquito species are simply a nuisance, certain types in the United States and around the world are capable of transmitting serious diseases. To reduce the risk, prevention is key: wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants to limit skin exposure, use EPA-registered insect repellents that are proven safe and effective, and keep mosquitoes outside by using air conditioning as well as properly maintained window and door screens.
First Aid
Most bites and stings will heal on their own with appropriate first aid and self-care. However, there are special first aid measures for inflamed insect bites or stings, such as:
- Wash the area with soap and water and wipe it with rubbing alcohol or first-aid antiseptic
- Apply a wrapped ice pack to the bite for 15–20 minutes each hour during the first six hours. After that period, if swelling has subsided, you may switch to gentle warmth to help relieve discomfort
- Local anesthetic spray, hydrocortisone cream, or calamine lotion can help with pain and itching
- And, do not break any blisters. If a bite becomes irritated, apply a non-prescription ointment, and cover with a bandage
Conclusion
Insect and spider bites are often unavoidable when working or spending time outdoors, but knowing how to identify, treat, and prevent them can make all the difference in protecting your health. From proper PPE and repellents to safe work practices and timely medical attention, small steps go a long way in reducing risks.